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泰瑞•塔米能（Terry Tamminen，現為阿諾州長的幕僚長）擔任加州環保局長之時，恐怕是全美除了聯邦環保署長以外最有權力的環保官員了。加州不僅是全世界第五大的經濟體，且一直領導環保趨勢的發展，以突破性的汽車管制標準和替代能源發展傲視美國及全世界。但是塔米能所服務的直屬長官──阿諾•史瓦辛格，仍鍾愛高耗油的悍馬吉普車，這讓許多環保人士感到懷疑，質疑他是否真能好好守護加州的環境。
為此，Grist
Magazine派出環境作家兼記者馬克•赫茲加德，問問52歲的塔米能，他和阿諾州長是如何實現他們的環境計劃──包括如何運用「氫燃料上路」（hydrogen
highway）等計畫，在2010年之前把加州的空氣污染減半；另外他還將詢問阿諾最近和同是共和黨的布希總統，在環境政策上的爭論。
記者來到加州環保局位於沙加緬度的總部，在塔米能25樓邊間的辦公室進行採訪，從辦公室可以看到加州壯麗的中央谷（Central
Valley）。辦公室內有張阿諾身穿緊身背心、叼著一支雪茄的海報，海報上還有幾行字：「我光用小指就能比你們用雙手回收更多的資源。現在開始資源回收，以後你會感謝我。用力回收吧！」
問：我想要先問的是，你如何被延攬為環保局長的？因為最初有些媒體報導搞錯了。有人說是巴比•甘迺迪（即Robert
Kennedy,
Jr.）打電話給州長說：「你們一定要用這傢伙。」但事實上你和州長與州長夫人早就認識很久了。你可否告訴我們的讀者真實的經過──以你這樣一個人，曾是很有抱負的莎士比亞劇演員、當過游泳池清潔員、經營過洛杉磯環保團體「海灣守護」（BayKeeper）……
答：還有在佛羅里達州經營綿羊牧場和搞不動產，一個不學無術卻一無所長的平凡人……
問：……那麼，你怎麼得到這份工作的？
答：在（加州州長）競選期間，我正在經營一個叫做「今日環境」（Environment
Now）的基金會。我覺得所有的候選人都有必要知道有關於加州環境的真實狀態，於是我們的基金會提供了這些資訊給所有的候選人。
但由於我認識州長和瑪莉亞（州長夫人Maria
Shriver），我便親自對他作提案報告，「如果你需要這個資訊，我很樂意提供給你。」然後他說：「來吧，我們邊吃午餐邊談吧。」這是他宣布參選的兩天後。當時他的小孩還未開學，所以我們在他位於聖塔摩尼加的辦公室與他的小孩一起吃披薩，他的小孩還從我們盤子裡拿披薩。我們談論了很多東西，從空氣污染到全球暖化、外來物種入侵、林業問題，你能想到的都談了。接下來幾天，我們繼續討論他的胸中方略、他希望加州未來走的方向等等，然後開始把那發展成一個環境行動計畫。
問：你是透過「河流保護協會」的巴比•甘迺迪認識阿諾的嗎？（Grist註：河流保護協會，Riverkeeper，位於紐約的保育團體，與甘迺迪合作過，並與位在聖塔摩尼加、塔米能任職過「海灣守護」團體合作過。）
答：其實不是。阿諾一直都有在參與南加州許許多多的慈善活動，過去幾年我們都曾在不同環境議題、以及一些猶太議題的相關場合照過面，反而我們認識瑪莉亞是透過甘迺迪的。我們有共同的好朋友邦妮•萊斯（Bonnie
Reiss），她是「地球溝通」（Earth Communications）的創始人，現在是阿諾的資深顧問。然後我的太太，凱倫•包瑞爾（Karen
Borell）簽下了他上一部電影。她是美國屏幕演員工會的戲劇代表，簽約之後他就可以自己去拍電影了。
問：你在加州環保局有多少員工和資源？
答：今（2004）年有4,275名員工和大約十億美元的預算。
問：而你基本的業務範圍是水、空氣、有毒物質…
答：還有固體廢棄物、環境健康危害評估以及農藥。 |
Terry Tamminen, secretary of California's Environmental Protection
Agency, may hold the most powerful environmental job in the U.S. outside
of Washington, D.C. Not only is California the world's fifth-largest
economy, it has long been an environmental trendsetter, pioneering
standards in automobile regulation and alternative-energy development
that have spread across the nation and around the world. But Tamminen
works for Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R), whose fondness for
gas-guzzling Hummers leaves some environmentalists skeptical of his
assurances about protecting California's environment.
Grist sent environmental author and reporter Mark Hertsgaard to
question the 52-year-old Tamminen about how he and Schwarzenegger plan
to deliver on their environmental agenda -- including a promise to cut
California's air pollution in half by 2010, in part by building a
"hydrogen highway" -- and the governor's recent disagreements with the
environmental policies of fellow Republican George W. Bush.
The
interview took place in Tamminen's corner office on the 25th floor of
the Cal/EPA headquarters in Sacramento, which commands a spectacular
view of the Central Valley and features a poster of Schwarzenegger,
wearing a tank top and smoking a cigar, with the caption: "I recycle
more with my pinkie than you do with both hands. Recycle now, thank me
later. RECYCLE HARD."
Q: I want to start by asking how you
got this job, because some of the initial press reports got it wrong.
The story was that Bobby Kennedy Jr. called the governor and said, "This
is the guy you've got to have." But in fact you've had a long
relationship with the governor and first lady. Can you tell our readers
what really happened -- how somebody who used to be an aspiring
Shakespearean actor, a pool cleaner, and who ran BayKeeper, an
environmental group in Los Angeles ...
A: And ran sheep ranches and real estate
in Florida -- a jack of all trades, master of none ...
Q: ... how you got this job?
A: When the [California gubernatorial]
campaign came about, I was running a foundation called Environment Now.
I saw there was a need for all of the candidates to have solid facts
about California's environment, and our foundation offered it to all the
candidates.
But because I knew the governor and Maria [Shriver, his wife], I made
a special effort to reach out to him and say, "If you want this
information, I'm happy to provide it." And he said, "Come on in, let's
have lunch and talk about it." This was two days after he'd announced.
His kids were still out of school at that time, so we met at his office
in Santa Monica with his kids there taking pizza off of our plates. We
talked about everything from air pollution to global warming, invasive
species, forestry issues -- you name it. Over the next couple of days,
we kept discussing his philosophy, what direction he wanted to see the
state go, and started to evolve that into an environmental action plan.
Q: You knew him originally through
the Bobby Kennedy Riverkeeper connection? [Riverkeeper, a New
York-based conservation group that Kennedy works with, had collaborated
with Santa Monica BayKeeper, where Tamminen once worked.]
A: Actually not. [Schwarzenegger] has
been involved in a lot of charitable activities in Southern California,
and over the years we've been at different things related to the
environment, but also Jewish causes. Obviously the connection with
BayKeeper through Bobby Kennedy was to Maria Shriver. And then we have
another close mutual friend, Bonnie Reiss, who was the founder of Earth
Communications, and she's now a senior adviser to him. And my wife,
Karen Borell, signed his last movie. She's a theatrical rep at Screen
Actors Guild and signed the contracts that literally allowed him to go
to work on his own movie.
Q: How much staff and
resources do you have here at Cal/EPA?
A: This budget year, we have 4,275
employees and a budget of roughly a billion dollars.
Q: And your basic portfolio is water,
air, toxics ...
A: And solid waste and the Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment and pesticides. |
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問：你可以說是華府以外最有權力的環境官員，你的感覺如何？
答：講什麼權力？看權力不如看結果。就空氣品質而言，許多年來原本一直都有在穩定的進步，但現在，在最近的四、五年中，我們卻倒退了：回到第一級煙霧警報，又無法達到聯邦臭氧和微粒物質標準。所以有許多非常令人不安的徵兆已經浮現出來，尤其是當我們試圖配合州的發展來調整。成功了才稱得上有權力。如果我們訂立目標並且達成它們，那才叫有權力。
州長曾提及「AB
1493法案」可讓加州扮演領導趨勢的角色。AB1394是我們有關汽車排放溫室氣體的法案，因為一直有一些來自汽車業的反對意見，如果有需要，州長甚至願意為該法案上法庭據理力爭。不過我們正盡一切努力與權益關係人合作來避免對簿公堂，我們希望能把精力花在推動政策以真正降低二氧化碳排放量，而不是耗在對抗之中。阿諾的朋友帕塔基（紐約州長George
Pataki，共和黨籍），已表明他正等著看這項法案實施的成果，預備未來實施的參考。其他的州也準備這麼做。我剛剛從澳洲和英國回來，他們也準備要學習我們的作法。
問：這項溫室效應氣體法令可能會減少30%的二氧化碳排放量。州長同意這個數值嗎？
答：絕對會。我們當然還在等最後的報告出爐，最後也會開放接受公眾意見。不論加州空氣資源委員會（CARB）以技術考量而決定採用何種版本，州長皆表明他會支持。（Grist註：這次訪談後，CARB的職員已提出最後定稿的報告，建議給汽車業的時間從6年延長為8年，自2009年以後，出廠的車款必須達到30%的減量目標。CARB會在2004年9月份決定是否採納這份報告。）
問：空氣品質惡化來源有哪些，而你打算如何處理？
答：加州有3,600萬人口，而且以每年近60萬人的速度增加。加州內有3,000萬輛汽車，幾乎每人都有一輛。而目前新上市的車款甚至比1987年車型還要耗油。所以如果我們有更多耗油的車，會導致更高的耗油量和更多的空氣污染。
問：今天我要進來這棟大樓的時候，我在樓下難到大海報，上面寫著「不要耗油」。
答：那是我們下個月要推行的活動。人們會在加油站看到那些標語，可以教導他們如何節省最多可達20%的油，不論他們開的是什麼車。州政府本身有7萬台公務車，中期目標是希望其中能使用更多的省油車。因此等這些公務車的自然汰換期到了，我們會去買更多油電混和車及省油車來取代，接著再設法鼓勵一般民眾和企業界購買這種車。
像現在你後面有個箱子，裡面裝的是乾淨的空氣，是聯邦快遞（FedEx）送來的。那箱子的空氣是從一次柴電混合車促銷活動中裝來的，州長和我都有參加，這種車可以節省50%的汽油，也可減少約一半的廢氣排放。他們答應要把整個車隊都改用柴電混合車，而我們正在想辦法把這模式推廣到其他業者。這所有的措施都是為了推廣真正乾淨燃料，也就是氫燃料。
(待續) |
Q: How do you feel about holding what is
arguably the most powerful environmental job in the United States
outside the Beltway? A: What's powerful?
Powerful is results. With air quality, for years we had been making
good, steady progress. Now, in the last four or five years, we're going
backwards: to stage-one smog alerts, to non-attainment of federal ozone
standards and particulate matter. So there are very troubling signs on
the horizon, especially as we try to accommodate the state's growth.
Power is success. If we set some goals and achieve them, that's power.
In terms of California's role as a trendsetter, the governor has
mentioned AB 1493. That is our greenhouse-gas bill with respect to cars,
which he intends to defend in court if need be, because there've been
some rumblings about challenges [from auto companies]. We're doing our
best to work with the stakeholders to avoid that, so we get
implementation and actual CO2 reductions rather than just go to battle.
His friend [New York Gov. George] Pataki [R] has literally told him they
are waiting to see how it plays out so they can adopt it in New York.
Other states are looking to do the same. I just got back from Australia
and England, where they're also looking to copy what we're doing.
Q: The greenhouse-gas law would
establish a 30 percent reduction in CO2 emissions. Will the governor
stand behind that number?
A: Absolutely. Of course we're waiting
for the final report to come out and there will be opportunity for
public comment. But whatever gets adopted by the [California Air
Resources] Board as technologically feasible, the governor has stated he
will defend. [Editor's note: The CARB staff's final report, released
after this interview was conducted, proposed giving the auto industry
eight rather than six years, starting in the 2009 model year, to meet
the 30 percent target. The CARB will decide in September whether to
endorse the staff's recommendation.]
Q: Where is the erosion of air quality
coming from and what are your plans for attacking it?
A: [We have] 36 million people and our
population is growing by almost 600,000 every year. We have 30 million
motorized vehicles in the state, almost one per person. And the vehicles
in showrooms today have worse fuel economy than in 1987. So if you have
more vehicles that are less fuel-efficient, that results in more
consumption and more air pollution.
Q: On my way into the building today, I
picked up downstairs the bumper stickers that say, "Don't Be Fuelish."
A: That's a whole campaign we'll be rolling
out over the next month. People will be seeing these messages at gas
stations, teaching them how to conserve as much as 20 percent of their
fuel regardless of what they drive. In the mid-term, we're working to
get more fuel-efficient vehicles into the fleet. The state [government]
itself has 70,000 vehicles. As the natural turnover occurs, we're going
to get more hybrids and fuel-efficient vehicles into that fleet and then
promote them for personal and business choices as well.
As an example, right behind your head is a box of clean air that was
presented to me by FedEx at an event the governor and I did to promote
their diesel-electric hybrids, which save 50 percent of the fuel and
reduce air emissions by a similar amount. They have pledged to convert
their entire fleet and we're trying to get them to be a model for
others. And all of this is as a bridge to truly clean fuels, and that's
hydrogen.
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