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Desalination


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There have also been recent breakthroughs that are expected to reduce the costs for desalination, primarily by cutting back how much energy is required. For example, in 1998 the Singapore-based company AquaGen International announced that it has developed a cheaper, portable water desalination plant that can be assembled anywhere quickly. AquaCen International chief Gavin Liau said the modular system of its plant makes installation easy. The unit can produce 100 cubic metres (25,000 gallons) of water for less than US$300,000. Liau said AquaGen sells two types of desalination plants - one that uses steam and the other with electricity to generate the heat needed to extract the salt. The company says that both types are up to three times more energy efficient than those now in use. The plants are relatively small, producing up to 5,000 cubic metres of drinking water per day compared to up to 327,000 cubic metres/day for the big plants in the Middle East. AquaGen is doing a feasibility study for a large-scale plant that can process 45,000 cubic metres and hoped would be operational in four years.

Israeli, Palestinian and US scientists are embarking on an ambitious desalination programme that is intended to create a "New Desalinized Middle East," according to one of the scientists working on the project. One of the programme's goals is to build solar-powered desalination machines that can fit on a truck, then teach villagers to use them and even make them. The programme will also look at how water is affected by salt and pollutants. According to World Water & Environmental Engineering (January 1999), it began work in July 1998, in conjunction with the US Department of Energy and US Environmental Protection Agency. A larger solar-powered desalination unit is undergoing testing now. The fully self-supporting desalination system was being evaluated in early 1999 by Al-Azhar University in Gaza, Palestine, and the Japanese company Ebara. The system can desalinate up to 600 litres of brackish water a day. The system is being designed with irrigation in mind, and the company plans to develop micro-inigation systems in parallel. The company also plans to develop larger-scale units, although the advantage of the smaller scale one is its portability and ease of installation. The units require little maintenance, as they have few moving parts.

New developments in alternative energy may prove to be a boost for desalination as well. Solar thermal power and fuel cells (both of which are described in this section) may provide good sources of power for desalination plants. Since places with good solar power potential are usually the places most in need of water, there is a huge potential to link the two.

"We try to farm in a way that we do not eat from our children's plates. Our farming systems have developed over many years to best suit our lands and our communities' needs. The keeping of cattle and ploughing of crops are two inseparable aspects of our farming. In the Tswana language we say "cattle and crops are like husband and wife. They need each other, they are mutally beneficial on the farm." -- STATEMENT BY WESTERN TRANSYAAL COMMUNITIES, SOUTH AFRICA, 1983 (FROM NEW GROUND) 

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