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Small-scale Hydropower


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Small-scale Hydropower

In some areas, small-scale hydropower schemes may be the most appropriate energy source. When carefully planned and implemented, small dams (under 10 megawatts) can be less harmful to the environment and surrounding communities than large dams. Small projects can also better serve the local economy, and help develop local skills and resources. However, scale alone does not determine whether a project will be socially or environmentally harmful. As with planning any hydropower project, small darns should be evaluated individually for their impacts on the catchment and communities, and for their fit in an overall catchment management plan. (See Resources for Beyond Big Dams, an IRN report on appropriate hydropower development.)

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is derived from the earth's core. It is the same source from which volcanoes and earthquakes get their energy. In some places, natural hot "reservoirs" below the surface of the earth provide large-scale sources of geothermal power. In 1993, these natural steam sources accounted for 9 percent of Kenya's energy supply, 28 percent of Nicaragua's power and 26 percent of the Philippines, to name a few nations that are making use of their geothermal reserves.

Geothermal reserves are not needed to take advantage of geothermal power on a small scale, however. Any place on earth can take advantage of geothermal heat-pump technology, which capitalizes on the stable temperature below the earth's surface. This uses heat-pump technology to extract heat from the earth in winter for heating buildings and to dissipate heat in summer for cooling. While the temperature of the soil to several feet below the surface varies with the seasons, below that depth the earth's temperature stays about the same year-round. This technology has made significant advances in the past few years. Installation costs have been reduced by 30 percent compared to earlier designs.

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