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Southern Africa water experts agree: water demand management can reduce water consumption by at least 30 percent in most cities. Moreover, these savings can be achieved with no noticeable reduction in quality of service, nor with any long term cost to consumers. In fact, some cities in the region have already achieved significant reductions through demand management. Windhoek, Namibia achieved 33 percent reductions through pricing strategies, appliance upgrades, water re-use and other measures. The cost of these savings was less than one-tenth the cost of developing new sources such as piping water from the Okavango River 700 kms away. 

In Hermanus, South Africa, the city's conservation programme begun in l996 reduced water demand by 32 percent in the first year. The Hermanus programme included measures such as promoting water-wise gardening, improving the metering system, removing thirsty alien vegetation from water catchment areas and conducting water audits in schools and homes. This was South Africa's first longterm water conservation programme for a municipal area. It was based on a successful demand-management plan for Kruger National Park which managed to cut water use by park visitors by an amazing 73 percent, and electricity use by 60 percent. 

Although South Africa does not yet have a national programme to replicate the Hermanus programme more broadly at this time, the Department of Water Affairs water conservation programme in May 1999 released the "Water Conservation and Demand Management National Strategy Framework," which may lead to more clearcut guidelines for South Africa's water planners. The report states, "Reducing the growth in demand can result in postponing large infrastructure requirements and wilt thus result in significant financial savings ... It is estimated that if the growth in demand in Gauteng is not reduced, over the next 20 years, R10 billion will have to be spent on new wastewater treatment plants and R17 billion will have to be spent for new water augmentation schemes. The net present potential value of postponing all new bulk water supply infrastructure projects in Gauteng by one year alone exceeds R2 billion."

Another city that has made progress with water conservation include Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Like many other cities in Southern Africa, it had to battle with the effects of a crippling drought in 1991-92. The city implemented an aggressive increasing block-rate tariff structure, with heavy fines for excessive use. New metres were installed in many businesses and homes, and bicycle patrols were established to check the 2100-km water-distribution pipeline for leaks. The city was able to reduce domestic demand by more than 30 percent and industrial demand by 40 percent or more. In addition, the sewerage system serves about 90 percent of the city's population, and through reclamation, provides 8,000 m3/day used to irrigate parks, sports fields and road margins. Since the drought passed, however, growth in demand has nearly resumed the pre-drought trajectory.

Remarkably, despite the relative ease and effectiveness of water demand management approaches, very few countries in the region practice it at a meaningful scale. At a March 1999 water demand management meeting, water managers from across the region cited the lack of political will as the single biggest obstacle preventing widespread application of water demand management in Southern Africa today. Creating the political will to change this state of affairs will require an informed public that is willing to be outspoken in pressing for water demand management as an integral component in planning for water supply in coming years.

Part of the problem is that the region's biggest water user is powerful big agriculture. Farming in Southern Africa consumes more water than any other sector by a wide margin: 80 percent in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, 66 percent in Namibia and 50 percent in Botswana and South Africa. By contrast, the domestic and industrial sectors typically account for less than 15 percent each. Irrigation losses are often quite significant and it is estimated that less than half of water abstracted from water resources is wasted. If south African irrigators, for example, could improve efficiency by only 20 percent, water available for urban or industrial use would be doubled. Clearly, tremendous gains stand to be made through water conservation applied to the agricultural sector, and yet no country in the region widely promotes efficient water use in agriculture. (by Steve Rothert)

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