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獲准翻印轉載自納米比亞沙漠研究基金會主編的《分享南部非洲的水資源》（1997）一書。要想瞭解更多資訊，請見文後所列聯絡地址。
▲過去，水資源管理一直十分注重於供水管路、水壩、區域間水的運輸、蓄水量、年平均泄水量等技術性方面的問題。技術有其地位上的重要性，但是必須與水資源管理的環境、經濟、社會和政治等各方面的因素達到相互平衡。資源取向 (相較於以人類需要取向) 的管理方法，將眼光超越供需指數，而更廣泛的考慮公平、效率和長期的可持續性方展在水資源管理中的角色地位。
▲水資源管理應當盡少考量人類社會和水資源間供給壓力與需求量的基本問題。 社區的參與是制訂出最讓人接受 (同時又兼顧環境) 的管理方案之精髓，有時雙方都必須做出妥協。
▲由於河流流域任何一個地區的水分配都會影響該流域的其他地區，因此在河流流域內進行的不同開發活動之間必須要有所協調。在幾個不同國家共用的流域裏進行協調的必要性就像: 必須在同一個國家的幾個河流流域裏進行協調那樣同樣地迫切。
▲中央政府的作用是創造一個"溝通無礙的環境"，促進社會以及經濟各階層人士的參與，以便從水資源中獲得最佳效益。
▲同時鼓勵兩性充分參與水資源管理，節省各種水資源，發揮最大的效用並能持續發展。
▲在很多情況下，公共部門（中央政府和市政當局）的運作效率不高。個人、社區組織、非政府組織，以及私人機構（商業公司）的積極參與水資源管理是改善這種狀況的一條途徑，但是必須進行良好協調、認真監管，才能帶來實際利益。
▲越來越嚴重的水源短缺意味著必須將水用在最值得用的地方。因此，水的分配應該按照輕重緩急的次序進行，並得到所有受到影響的各階層人士團體的理解和認可。最優先的考慮應當給予人類的基本需求以及用來維持健康的環境所必需的水，後者又進而起到支援正常生產能力的作用。
▲現有的水量不足以滿足每個個人的任意需求。因此就有必要對水的需求實行管理或控制，對於水量消耗大的一些活動，即農業和工業上的用水尤應如此。適當地制定水的價格是達到此目的的一種非常有效的方法 -- 如果水的價格不菲，那麼人們就會有所節制，而且將會更加有效地用水。
▲如果提高水的市場價格的方法無法奏效，資源管理者應當通過制訂法規來防止浪費水資源，同時也能達到防治水污染的功能。
版權歸屬 國際河網 環境信託基金會(金霞 譯，李堅、陳維立審校)
中英對照全文：http://news.ngo.org.tw/issue/water/issue-water-irn00102301.htm
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Reprinted with permission from Sharing Water in Southern Africa by the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (1997). See Contacts for more information.
▲Water resources management has, in the past, concentrated heavily on the technical side of supplying waterpipelines, dams, importing and exporting water, volumes, mean annual runoff, etc. This has its place, but must be balanced with the environmental, economic, social and political aspects of water management. A resource-sensitive approach takes the wider circumstances of demand and supply into account, and aims for equity, efficiency and long-term sustainability in managing water.
▲Managing water resources should take place at the lowest appropriate levels, that is at the levels where the constraints and needs are being encountered in society. Community participation is essential in working out the most desirable arrangements and the compromises that may have to be made.
▲Because water allocation at any one part of a river basin affects other areas in the basin, there must be coordination of the different developments that take place in a river basin. The need for coordination is just as high in basins that are shared by different states, as it is in river basins that lie totally within a country.
▲It is the role of central government to create an 'enabling environment' that facilitates participation of different levels of society and different sectors of the economy to derive the best benefit from water.
▲Full participation of both women and men must be encouraged in water resources management, to make water projects efficient and long-lasting.
▲The public sector (government and municipalities) is in many cases run inefficiently. Active involvement of Individuals, community-based groups and NGOs, as well as the private sector (commercially-run companies) in water management, is a means of improving this situation, but must be well coordinated and well monitored to bring real benefits.
▲Growing water scarcity means that water must be put to its most worthwhile use. Allocation of water for different sectors should therefore take place on a priority basis, that is understood and accepted by all the affected parties. Basic human needs, and water to maintain a healthy environment which will in turn support productivity, should be given first priority.
▲There is not enough water to satisfy everyone's wishes. This makes it necessary to manage or control the demand for water, especially in the main water consuming activities, i.e., agriculture and industry. Pricing is a very effective way of achieving this - if water is expensive, people will adjust accordingly, and will use water efficiently.
▲ Regulatory measures should be used to prevent gross wastage of water in cases where pricing is ineffective, and to act as a deterrent against polluting water.
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