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南非貧民的生態住宅
能源節約國際協會（IIEC）的非洲分會正與南非各組織進行合作，支援政府住宅部的新政策方向，並為該國更合理的能源活動作出貢獻。能源節約國際協會是一個國際性的非政府組織，建立於1984年，其目的是在世界的經濟發展中，提倡可持續的能源政策、技術和活動，其在約翰尼斯堡（始於1996年）、曼谷、倫敦和華盛頓都設有辦事處。該協會的經驗顯示，透過節能，很多國家都能以相當低的成本滿足越來越高的能源需求，並允許國家將資源集中在其他需要優先發展的領域如教育和保健。
能源節約國際協會非洲分會的中心任務，著重再生能源、設計低成本的可持續房屋、減少溫室氣體的排放和可持續的運輸等相關領域的合作與計畫。該組織進行了兩項住宅計畫：「生態家園顧問」和「可持續發展家園行動方案」。
要改變南非的住宅外觀，就得有好的範例，這就是「生態家園顧問」專案背後的動機。該專案提倡合揚技術、建造節能式住宅，並進行合理的用水管理和廢棄物管理。節水措施包括低流量的淋浴噴頭和雙重水流的衛生潔具，並使用處理過的廢水澆灌庭院。顧問群並鼓勵綠化社區的行動，通過園藝和植樹來提高食品安全與美化社區。
（編按一：合陽技術passive solar technology，就是與太陽「和平」相處，甚至可與太陽「合作」的技術，例如「冬暖夏涼」房屋的格式與建材選擇，便是利用「合陽」此一基礎概念而建造的節能式建築。在台灣一般的電力使用仍是相當的任意，極少有「效率」層面上的考量；正當環境的能量旺盛(晴天大太陽)時，台灣地區普遍的電力使用方式卻是對抗太陽，如讓室內空調維持在「強冷」的狀態等等，進而造成夏季的缺電高峰期的現象。倘若能有較好的絕緣及氣流的疏導，順應環境能量的變化，與太陽「和平相處」，將可省下可觀的電力。對於受亞熱帶氣候影響的台灣，合陽技術實具有更高的經濟效益。）
「生態家園顧問」專案培訓住宅建設團體，使其形成有利於環境的建築原則。培訓之後，這些由當地的合作組織精選出來的顧問，就會著手對他們的住宅建設區進行改造。能源節約國際協會非洲分會透過與南非其他地方性組織的合作，諸如位於東倫敦市的「Afesis-corplan」和匹茲堡市的「發展焦點」組織等，共同努力，讓南非五個省的人民接觸到生態家園專案。生態家園專案的先期計畫由這些合作組織領導，成為省級「最優秀執行計畫」的示範場所，從而鼓勵其他地區競相模仿；希望到2000年初期，南非9個省份中每個省至少有一名顧問。
像生態顧問的專案一樣，「可持續發展行動方案」（Sihlangene ngezeZindlu）提倡為那些過去遭到不當開發計畫危害的南非社區，建造「對環境友善」的住宅。這個為期三年的專案整合了維護工作、培訓、拓展以及建立網絡聯繫功能，以建立成千上萬新的生態家園為目標，為建築、金融、培訓和物料等領域引進改變。在一些團體的先導工作如Kutlwanong市民整合式住宅信託組織、新星基金會、 Thlolego學習中心、非洲夥伴公司（PEER Africa）、Holm Jordaan and Partners公司的基礎上，這項計畫促進了對健康、對環境有利的低成本住宅的發展。
（編按二：(1)PEER Africa在非洲大陸各地開發創新的環保與節能的計畫，目的是可持續的經濟發展。(2) Thlolego Learning Centre是南非的地方性民間團體，推廣永續農業。(3) the Nova Foundation南非的非政府組織，其主要任務是消除貧窮。(4) Holm Jordaan and Partners是南非的建商公司，規劃節能節水型式的建築。）
能源節約國際協會非洲分會也和南非政府住宅部合作，探討可為採用生態住宅建設的建築商所適用的特別金融計畫。在英國和其他國家，繼上一波的「綠色金融」優惠專案之後，這項融資專案將會被競相仿效。
這項計畫的最高價值確定是在於，它為收入很低卻期望建造生態家園的社區提供免費的技術援助的機會。「綠色專業人員計劃」撥出計畫資源去給付專家的諮詢費，讓專家能夠花費一定的時間在計畫工作上，藉此確保他們的住宅計畫至少包括了無需成本的生態家園的措施。
版權歸屬 國際河網IRN，環境資訊協會（陶俊 譯，李傑、李瑞玉 審校）
中英對照全文：http://e-info.org.tw/issue/water/2001/is-water-irn01121001.htm |
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Eco-Housing for South Africa's Poor
The International Institute for Energy Conservation - Africa (IIEC-Africa) is working with a network of South African organisations to support the new policy direction of the Department of Housing, as well as contribute to more sound energy practices in the country. IIEC is an international NGO founded in 1984 to promote sustainable energy policies, technologies and practices in the world's developing economies. IIEC has offices in Johannesburg (since lqq6), Bangkok, London, and Washington. IIEC's experience has shown that through conserving energy, countries can meet rising demand for energy services at a much lower cost, allowing them to concentrate resources on other development priorities such as education and health-care.
IIEC-Africa's work centers around partnerships and projects in renewable energy, low-cost sustainable housing, greenhouse gas mitigation and sustainable transport. The group runs two housing projects: Eco Home Advisors, and the Sustainable Homes Initiative.
Changing the face of South Africa's housing sector requires good examples, and that is the motivation behind the Eco-Home Advisors programme. The programme promotes passive-solar, energy efficient housing and smart water- and waste-management. Water conservation measures include low-flow showerheads and dual flush toilets, as well as the use of grey-water for gardens. The advisors also encourage community greening practices to promote food security and community beautification through gardening and tree planting.
The Eco Home Advisors programme trains housing delivery groups in environmentally sound construction principles. Following training, advisors selected by the local partner organizations work to realize change within their housing delivery area. IIEC-Africa is working through its partner organizations, such as Afesis-corplan in East London and Development Focus in Pietersburg, to bring Eco-Homes to people in five provinces. The Eco-home pilot projects being conducted by these partner organizations will serve as provincial 'best practice' demonstration sites, and thereby spur replication. IIEC-Africa hopes to have at least one advisor in all nine provinces by early 2000.
Like the Advisor's programme, the Sustainable Homes Initiative (Sihlangene ngezeZindlu) promotes environmentally sound housing among the historically disadvantaged communities of South Africa. This three-year programme incorporates a range of support, training, outreach and networking functions to bring about a change in the building, finance, training and materials sectors with the objective of tens of thousands of new Eco Homes. Building off the pioneering work of groups like the Kutlwanong Civic Integrated Housing Trust, the Nova Foundation, the Thlolego Learning Centre, PEER Africa and Holm Jordaan and Partners, this project promotes healthy and environmentally sound low-cost housing.
IIEC-Africa is also working with the Department of Housing to explore special finance schemes that could be made available to commercial builders who adopt ecohome construction practices. This financing programme will be modelled after 'green finance' incentive programmes in the UK and other countries.
The crown of the Initiative is surely the opportunity for free technical assistance to low-income communities who wish to have Eco-homes built. Called the "Green Professionals Scheme," project resources have been set aside to cover the consulting fees of experts to spend a limited amount of time working on a project to ensure that their housing project incorporates at least the no-cost Ecohome measures.
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