| 賴索托(Lesotho)高地調水工程項目－賴索托和南非
▲因工程受影響的河流：Senqu河 或稱橘河(Orange River)
▲工程項目：這一利用5座大壩將水調運至南非 Gauteng地區的計劃，是目前世界上正在建設中最大的工程計畫之一。除了數個大壩和穿過Maluti 山的幾個隧道以外，該專案還包括一個向賴索托供電的72兆瓦水力發電站。
▲基本狀況：182公尺高的Kaste大壩(在頭期工期的A部份)目前已竣工，145公尺高的Mohale大壩(於頭期工期的B部份)正在建設之中。在本文撰寫期間，第三座大壩，即次期工期，還正在由雙方政府討論之中。
存在問題：如果建造完成的話，這項調水計劃將會把4096(噸/日*)Senqu河(在南非稱作橘河)的水運往南非；生態學家們認為該河無法承受如此大的分水量。將近2萬4千人已受到頭期工期A部份工程的影響 : 不是失去家園，就是失去農田。另外7萬1千4百人將會受到Mohale大壩的影響，大約有300戶家庭被迫搬遷。這些補償受災戶的房舍已花費了許多年的時間來興建。賴索托一些最適合於耕作的土地的損失也已產生全國性的重大後果，不僅是因為糧食得不到保障的問題，而且還由於工程而搬遷出來的農民的經濟停滯，失業率極高的社會裏期待著新的生計。此外由於興建大壩期間引起的地震已嚴重地破壞了居住條件，對於大壩的地震安全性的關注始終存在。而且一項原本提供給失去土地的人再二度就業的發展基金至今還未能成功。更糟糕的是，因工程引入該國的資金導致官方腐敗現象愈演愈烈。
▲主要參與者：該計劃目前由賴索托高地開發當局(LHDA)主管，該機構負責重新落戶和補償事宜，環境保護和總體建設方面的管理工作。世界銀行，南部非洲發展銀行和歐盟是資金提供者。南非水務部是主要的代理機構。南非的供水部門，Rand Water公司，來自南非城鎮的各種市民組織，以及大量南非國內和國際非政府組織已表明對水的需求問題的關注。監管該工程對人們造成的影響的賴索托團體包括高地教會聯盟，行動中心和改革資源中心等團體。
* 原文中漏掉了水量單位，此處的單位系譯者所加，不一定正確。
科馬蒂(Komati)流域工程項目－南非和史瓦濟蘭
▲受影響的河流：科馬蒂河
工程概述：雙水壩調水工程項目，主要目的是甘蔗的灌溉用水。
▲基本狀況：Maguga大壩目前正在史瓦濟蘭興建之中，預計在2001年之前完成；另一座水壩(南非的Driekoppies大壩)已建成。在該專案中可能還會建造多達5座的其他水壩。
▲存在問題：Maguga水壩將迫使至少800人遷居，但儘管建造工作已在開展，補償計劃卻還未制訂出來。該水壩將會淹沒1500公頃的耕地和另外2000公頃左右的牧場/森林地帶。儘管政府官員聲稱處於劣勢中的農民將會受益，但事實上該專案的主要受益者看來是富裕的白人農民。
▲主要參與者：科馬蒂河流域水資源主管當局(KOBWA)是一個監督該專案的史瓦濟蘭-南非聯合委員會。南非的水務部將從水資源調運中獲利。水務部在KOBWA的協助下，主要負責該工程在南非共和國境內的實施，而KOBWA目前負責對史瓦濟蘭方面的協調工作。南部非洲發展銀行是主要的資金投入方。
Mepanda-Ncua大壩－莫三比克
▲受影響的河流：尚比西河(Zambezi)
▲專案概況：這是個具有供電力2000兆瓦以上，位於Cahora Bassa大壩下游70公里處的的水力發電工程。工程目的是以低於市價的價格向南非Alusaf製鋁公司提供電力。(製鋁需消耗大量的電力，因此通常收費都很低。)
▲基本狀況：專案仍在研究之中，但是製鋁工廠已先期投入，這就意味著建造大壩的壓力仍然很大。
▲存在問題：這製鋁工廠希望見到這座水壩的完工，並且最終需要900兆瓦電力，而史瓦濟蘭全國目前的總電力消耗量也才只有200兆瓦。這一大壩將會給已經是水壩密布的尚比西河的生態系統造成破壞性的影響。
主要參與者：莫三比克的Electricidade和南非的Eskom是該工程項目的開發商。其他參與方包括英國海外開發署(Britain's Overseas Development Agency)，歐洲投資銀行(European Investment Bank)，加拿大和美國的幾家金融協會和機構。大壩和製鋁工廠均由擁有Alusaf的南非Gengo採礦公司主理。世界銀行提供該專案的初期研究的資金。
版權歸屬 國際河網 環境信託基金會（金霞 譯，吳國玢 陳維立 審校）
中英對照全文：http://news.ngo.org.tw/issue/water/
2001/issue-water-irn01030501.htm
|
|
Lesotho Highlands Water Project, Lesotho/South Africa
▲River Affected: Senqu or Orange
▲Project: This 5-dam scheme to transport water to South Africa's Gauteng region is one of the world's largest infrastructure projects under construction today. In addition to dams and tunnels through the Maluti mountains, the project includes a 72-megawatt hydropower plant that will supply power to Lesotho.
▲Status: The 182-meter-high Katse Dam (Phase IA) is now complete, and the 145-meter-high Mohale Dam (Phase IB) is underway. At this writing a third dam, Phase 2, is being discussed by both governments. Problems: If built out, this water-transfer scheme would divert about 4096 of the Senqu (known as the Orange in SA) River's water to South Africa; ecologists say the river cannot support such diversions. Approximately 24,000 people have been affected by Phase IA, losing either their homes or agricultural lands. Another 71400 will be affected by Mohale, and about 300 households being forcibly relocated. Replacement housing has taken years to complete. The loss of some of Lesotho's best arable lands has also had major nationwide ramifications, not only in regards to food security but because the rural farmers displaced by the project are now expected to take on new livelihoods in a stagnant economy with huge unemployment. Dam-induced earthquakes have severely damaged housing, and concerns about the dam's earthquake safety remain. A development fund intended to provide retraining has so far been unsuccessful at finding new livelihoods for most of those who have lost land. Official corruption has also risen dramatically since the project began to bring money into the country.
▲Key Players: The scheme is being managed by the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA), which is responsible for resettlement and compensation issues, environmental protection and overall construction management. The World Bank, Development Bank of Southern Africa and European Union are funders. South Africa's Department of Water Affairs is the major agency involved. Concern over the need for the water has been voiced by South Africa's water supplier, Rand Water, various Civic organizations from the townships of South Africa, and numerous NCOs inside South Africa's and internationally. Lesotho groups monitoring the project's impact on affected people include the groups Highlands Church Solidarity and Action Centre and Transformation Resource
Centre.
Komati Basin Project, South Africa/Swaziland
▲River Affected: Komati River Project Description: 2-dam water project, primarily for growing sugar cane.
▲Status: Maguga Dam is under construction in Swaziland, and is expected to be completed by 2001; the other (Driekoppies, in South Africa) is built. Up to 5 more darns may be built in this scheme.
▲Problems: At least 800 people will be resettled for Maguga Dam, and no compensation plan has been devised although engineering work is proceeding. The dam will flood some 1,500 hectares of arable land, and another 2,000 or so of grazing/forestry land. Although officials have said disadvantaged farmers will benefit, it appears possible this project will benefit primarily rich white farmers.
▲Key Players: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA) is a Swazi-South African commission overseeing the project. SA's Dept. of Water Affairs will benefit from water deliveries. DWAF has been primarily responsible for project implementation on the RSA side with KOBWA help, while KOBWA is currently coordinating work on Swazi side. The Development Bank of Southern Africa is a major
funder.
Mepanda-Ncua Dam, Mozambique
▲River Affected: Zambezi Project: A 2000+MW hydro project 7okm downstream of Cahora Bassa Dam, to supply the South African aluminum company Alusaf with power at below-market rates. (Aluminum production consumes vast amounts of electricity, and therefore is usually given very cheap rates.) Status: Still being studied, but the aluminum factory has gone ahead, meaning the pressure to build the dam may remain high.
▲Problems: The aluminum factory for which this dam will be built will eventually need 900 megawatts, in a country where the current total power consumption is only 200 megawatts. The dam's impacts on the ecosystems of the already heavily dammed Zambezi will be devastating.
▲Key Players: Electricidade de Mozambique and South Africa's Eskom are project developers. Interested parties include Britain's Overseas Development Agency, the European Investment Bank, Canadian and US financial institutions and agencies. Both the dam and aluminum plant are sponsored by the South African mining company Genco, which owns Alusaf. The World Bank funded preliminary studies.
|
