| 要使能源或水資源專案執行得恰當，其關鍵在於決定這些專案的規劃過程。沒有一個規劃過程是放諸四海而皆準的。規劃過程的繁多步驟，必須要能配合整體能源和水資源規劃的狀況。由於集水區（通常包括水和電力的供應系統）往往是跨越國家邊界的，所以必須將國際政策和協定列入考慮。除了規劃過程要具有透明度和參與性之外，要保證恰當的專案開發規劃，還必須包括下列基本原則：
▲在考慮從各個專案中做出選擇之前，為該區域進行整體評估
▲由國家支配河流和集水流域的開發規劃
▲國家能源和水資源管理計劃和政策的發展
▲達到自然資源保育最大可能性程度
▲有關重新安家落戶經公眾充分討論的程度，要令人能夠接受（如果有這個過程的話）。
▲所選擇的專案，要能夠最理想地提高當地的規劃、融資、環境管理、建設、設計、生產、運行和維護等方面的能力；這些專案要立基於科學/技術/經濟等方面的最高標準。
公民社會對這樣的規劃所能做的貢獻，也是極其重要。要成功地滿足對於被競相爭奪的珍貴資源的需求，就得讓大眾得以公開而徹底地積極參與規劃過程中的各個層面。如果國家能源或水資源開發策略是由國民獻計獻策的，那麼個別專案之間發生嚴重衝突的可能性，就會大大減少。同樣地，如果某一特定專案的規劃過程，能讓公眾在較早的階段參與進來，發生衝突的可能性也會減少。由於部分的專案規劃過程在已經進行到相當程度之後，才向受影響的社區披露，因此常會這類的衝突。
要取得成功，總體規劃過程必須一開始，就對目前使用狀況、現有供應情形，以及實際需求的預測等方面，進行深入分析。下一步，是仔細檢查資源供需兩方面各自的成本和收益，以建立總成本最低、而有效資源可供選擇的綜合體系。這樣的過程稱作「整合性資源規劃」，它提供了一種方法，可以考慮到電力供應和傳輸對環境的損害，並能確認成本合算的能源效率、以及再生能源的替代方案。
在選擇能源和水資源供應方面，其環保方針應當包括制定全國性的環保政策和目標，並且清楚地陳述，傳統使用者對於這些被考慮開發的土地和資源的權利。所有具有重大影響或累計影響的工程，都應當進行綜合環境影響評估。
能源服務的經濟成本包括財政和非財政成本。然而，把大多數能源服務送到用戶端的金融價格（有時也稱作市場價格），只有考慮那些由生產商和消費者直接支付的項目：購買燃料的成本，將燃料轉換成可用能源的成本（亦即建造發電廠或煉油廠的成本），以及分配燃料、能源的成本。
摘自【大壩外傳】。詳情請見資料來源。
版權歸屬 國際河網International River Network，環境信託基金會（陶俊 譯，吳國玢、李瑞玉 審校）
中英對照全文：http://news.ngo.org.tw/issue/water/
2001/issue-water-irn01040201.htm |
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Key to arriving at an appropriate energy or water project is the planning process that determines it. No single process can serve as a blueprint ready to be applied universally. The many steps of a process must fit within the context of overall energy sector and water resources planning. Because catchments (and, often, water and power supply systems) cross national boundaries, international politics and agreements must be taken into consideration. In addition to having a process that is transparent and participatory, planning that ensures appropriate project development must include the following fundamental tenets:
▲assessment of the sector as a whole before considering options among individual projects;
▲development of a national master plan for rivets and catchments;
▲development of national energy and water-management plans and policies;
▲achieving the highest possible level of conservation;
▲full public discussion of acceptable (if any) levels of resettlement;
▲projects selected for optimal enhancement of local capabilities-in planning, financing, environmental management, construction, design, manufacture, operation and maintenance; and ~ projects are based on the highest standards of scientific/technical/economic merit.
Civil society's contribution to such planning is critical. Successfully meeting competing needs for scarce resources requires active public participation in open and thorough sector-wide planning processes. When national energy- or water-development strategies are informed by civil society, the likelihood of significant conflict over individual schemes is greatly reduced. Similarly, when the specific project planning process has involved the public early on, the likelihood of conflict is reduced. Such conflict often arises after projects which are far along in the planning process are presented to affected communities as a "fait accompli."
To be a success, the overall planning process must begin with an in-depth analysis of existing use, existing supply, and realistic demand projections. The next step is to examine the costs and benefits of both demand- and supply-side resources, to develop the least-total-cost mix of utility resource options. Such a process, known as "integrated resource planning," includes a means for considering environmental damages caused by electricity supply and transmission and identifying cost-effective energy efficiency and renewable energy alternatives.
Environmental guidelines for energy and water supply options should include setting national environmental policies and goals, as well as clear articulation of the rights of traditional users of land and resources under consideration for development. Comprehensive environmental impact assessments for all projects with significant (or cumulative) impacts should be undertaken.
The economic cost of energy services includes both financial and non-financial costs. The financial price (sometimes called the market price) of delivering most energy services to end-users only takes into account those costs that are directly paid for by producers and consumers: the cost of buying the fuel, the cost of transforming the fuel into usable energy (i.e. the cost of building a power plant or a refinery), and the cost of distributing the fuel/energy
Edited extract from Beyond Big Darns. See Resources for more information.
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