替代方案

Alternatives

▲是否已經對專案的替代方案進行了公平的成本計算？

▲是否已充分考慮到節能方案可以替代該專案？（請注意：節能往往是水力發電或供水工程項目的成本最低的替代方案，然而卻很少有人把充分的DSM*節能研究，作?專案可行性研究的一部分。）

＊譯註：DSM可能表示 Design Standards Manual -- 設計標準手冊

▲是否考慮了縮小範圍的、減少損失的工程設計？

▲是否進行了能量淨分析？這將揭示工程的建設和運行中，將使用多少能量。應當計算下列因素：

--需要的建設能量：包括生產工程設備和供給品、運輸材料、開挖渠道、評定等級、處理廢物、來回運送工人等等所需的能量。
--電力傳送損耗（有些工程最高達10%）。
--運行和維修（替換設備、挖出積聚的淤泥等等）
--將工程用水抽取到要用的地方。
--工程用水在使用之前需要能量加以處理。
--抽取上坡的水用於「抽取存水」工程。

▲分析是否表明了工程要花多長時間才能歸還成本，成?淨能量的生產者？（如果以上所有這些建造水壩的能源要求都考慮進去的話，許多水力發電站得用數十年時間才能做到。）

社會問題

▲施工地區有多少人離鄉背井？他們是否有機會在相似的地區重新開始生活，且會不會因此造成其他人離鄉背井、或是人口擁擠？

▲是否有了足夠資金、進行了充分安排，能重新安置被迫遷移的人、以及使其重新安居樂業？

▲大多數受到影響的人是否願意重新定居？如果不是，政府、公司又如何處理他們的顧慮？

▲是否與當地居民商議過這個工程？他們是否完全自主地同意建設此工程？

▲是否有法律要求開發商讓當地人瞭解這個會影響他們社區的工程？工程是否得到了支援？

▲哪一些社會群體，會從工程中獲益？是公司還是個人？

▲什麼樣的群體利益會受到損害？他們的損失有什?價值？這是否已計入工程成本？

▲對於受其影響的人們，所提議的是哪一種補償政策？如何實施？受到影響的人們對政策是否有投入？他們是否對其感到滿意？

▲工程將如何影響水或電的價格？是否應當在全國範圍內提高價格，又或僅僅對某些用戶提高價格？

▲工程對人的健康有什?可預期的影響？應當注意以下幾點：

--工人遷移帶來的疾病--污染--河流生態系統發生變化導致的疾病，尤其是靠水傳播的疾病諸如瘧疾、吸血蟲病等的增多。

▲是否已分析對於水庫下游人們安全的影響？

▲報告中是否分析了因人口流入原有社區、導致社區人口增加，而對這些社區所產生的影響？

▲由於工程消除了自然洪水、阻礙了下游地區淤泥的補充，該工程是否會造成下游沖積平原農民們的損失？

▲該工程是否會對當地或整個地區的經濟造成不可持續的「盛極而衰」的經濟影響？

▲該工程是否會破壞具有文化或精神價值的地區？既然這些影響通常都不可緩和，工程開發商是否將此事告知公?，並聽取意見呢？

環境問題

▲計算運行成本和維護成本時，計算工程的估計使用壽命時，是否將水庫內淤泥累積的速度也算了進去呢？

▲所估計的能量產出，是否可以彌補下游對水的需求，是否對此已做充分考慮（稱之?河內流量要求）？

▲如果計劃了多期工程，是否對所有工程的累積影響進行總體研究？

▲工程對生物多樣性有何影響？

▲針對工程所造成的衝擊，是否有一個緩和計劃，而不至於造成魚類或野生物的消失？

▲是否派遣合格人員，在一年當中，選擇在對該生物來說適當的時間，去尋找稀有或瀕臨滅絕的物種？

▲是否分析了河流變化對魚類和野生生物的影響？尤其得注意河流的溫度、流量和營養水平發生變化的資訊。

▲工程是否會對耕地、森林、溼地、河岸棲息地、草原或指定的重要棲息地（不論上游或下游），造成負面影響？

▲是否分析了工程的影響，例如新的道路計劃？

▲該工程是否會減少流入三角洲或海灣的沈澱物？對水質或漁場又會有何影響？它是否會阻礙沙子流到下游，從而無法補充海灘上沙子的流失？

▲該工程對休閒資源又有何影響？

版權歸屬 國際河網International River Network，環境信託基金會（陶俊 譯，吳國玢、李瑞玉 審校）

中英對照全文：http://news.ngo.org.tw/issue/water/2001/issue-water-irn01040901.htm

The following questions will help you evaluate whether equal planning efforts were undertaken to evaluate feasible, non-structural alternatives: 

▲Have alternatives to the project been fairly costed out? 

▲Has conservation been fully considered as an alternative to the project? (Note: conservation is frequently the least-cost alternative to hydroelectric and water-supply projects, yet full DSM conservation studies are rarely done as part of such projects' feasibility studies.)

▲Have scaled-down, less-damaging project designs been considered? 

▲Has a net energy analysis been performed? This reveals how much energy would be used in the project's construction and operation. It should calculate the following:

 - Construction energy required: manufacturing project equipment and supplies, moving materials, tunneling, grading, disposing of spoils, transporting workers to construction site and back, etc. 
- Transmission line losses (up to 10 percent for some projects). 
- Operations and maintenance activities (replacing equipment, dredging accumulated silt, etc.) 
- Pumping project water to areas of use. 
- Energy required for treating project water before use. 
- Pumping water uphill for "pumped storage" projects. 

▲Does the analysis indicate how long it would take the project to become a net-energy producer? (Many hydrodams can take decades to do so, if all the above energy requirements used to build it are taken into account.) 

Social Issues

▲How many people will be dislocated from the project area? Are there opportunities to re-create their ways of life in comparable areas without causing other dislocations or overcrowding?

▲Are adequate funds and full plans included for the relocation and resettlement of people to be displace? 

▲Are the majority of affected people willing to be relocated? If not, how are their concerns being handled by the government/company? 

▲Have the local people been consulted about the project? Have they freely given their consent that the project should be built? 

▲Are there laws that require developers to inform local people about projects that would affect their communities? Have they been upheld? 

▲What groups in society will realize benefits from the project? Are they corporations or individuals? 

▲What groups will lose benefits? What is the value of their losses, and has it been calculated into project costs? 

▲What is the proposed compensation policy for affected people? How will it be implemented? Have affected people had input into the policy? Are they satisfied with it? 

▲How will the project affect water or power rates? Will rates be raised across the board, or will only some users pay higher rates? 

▲What are the expected health effects of project? The following should be addressed:
 - Diseases brought by migration of workers - Pollution - Diseases caused by the changes in the river ecosystem, especially increases in water-borne diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, etc. 

▲Have the safety impacts to people downstream of the reservoir been analyzed? 

▲ Has the report analyzed the impact on existing communities of increased populations moving into their area? 

▲Would the project harm downstream floodplain farmers, either by cutting off the natural flood or by holding back replenishing silts?

▲Will the project cause an unsustainable "boom and bust" economic impact on local or regional economies?

▲Will the project destroy areas of cultural or spiritual value? Since these impacts are usually not mitigable, have the project promoters taken this issue to the public for comment?

Environmental Issues

▲Has the rate of reservoir siltation been considered in calculating operations and maintenance costs, and in calculating the project's estimated lifespan? 

▲Does the estimate for power production take into account adequate allowance for downstream water needs (called instream flow requirements)?

▲Does the estimate for power production take into account adequate allowance for downstream water needs (called instream flow requirements)?

▲What are the project's impacts on species diversity? 

▲Is there a mitigation plan for project impacts so there will be no loss of fish or wildlife? 

▲Was a search for rare and endangered species done by properly qualified staff at the appropriate times of year for the species to be detected? 

▲Have the effects of the changes to the river on fish and wildlife been analyzed? Especially look for information on changes in river temperature, flow and nutrient levels. 

▲Will agricultural land, forests, wetlands, riparian habitat, meadowlands or designated critical habitat be adversely affected by the project (either upstream or down)? 

▲Have construction impacts such as new project roads been analyzed? 

▲Will the project reduce the outflow to any delta or bay? What would be the impacts on water quality or fisheries? Would it cut off sands from flowing downstream and replenishing ocean beaches? 

▲What are the project's impacts on recreational resources?