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保護集水區或河川流域的團體正在世界各地興起。這些團體在保護和管理集水區上扮演著推手的角色。這些團體可從很多方向切入，全看他們側重的角度是什?。當務之急也許是告知民眾有關當地的水問題、反對興建將對集水區造成嚴重危害的工程、重建集水區的生態系統、監控並管理這些生態系統以保護動植物物種，或者全數包辦。一個團體之所以凝聚的理由，可說與其嘗試解決的問題同樣繁多。也許同一個集水區中，涉及到太多目標對立的單位，造成計畫的蠶食，終於導致粗糙的決策；又也許是既有的集水區保護法並未落實。
舉美國一個成功案例--愛達荷和懷俄明州的Henry's Fork流域協會（Henry's Fork Watershed Council）。其成立的原因是，該流域中至少有25個擁有管轄權的聯邦、州和地方政府機關，當地又面臨很多的威脅，包括污染的農業用水外流、水壩及日益增加的灌溉用水需求。機關間的缺乏協調使得該匯水盆地問題日趨嚴重，於是乎成立這個團體，全盤地評估整個集水區的工程及各項問題。該團體成員包括在該集水區居住、謀生或擔負法律責任的民眾、科學家和民意代表。
該團體的執行總裁珍妮絲．布朗說：「我們必須釐清關於『唯有妥協才能達成共識』的誤解。與其屈就於『共同立場』，不如朝更高立場邁進，令所有利益群體達成和諧共贏的局面，遠比讓彼此在對立的兩極端之間做選擇更來得重要許多。」該團體已成功地打破漁民和農民等族群間的長期對立，建立彼此的信任。
Henry's Fork流域協會已制定出以下10項準則，用來評估該集水區內提案實施的工程或規劃的利與弊。這些準則乃是從一份囊括80項為維護集水區健康活力的集思廣益中篩選出來的構想。這些準則分別是：
▲集水區遠景：工程規劃是否照顧或反映集水區的整體前景？
▲可靠性：工程規劃是否憑據可靠的研究及科學數據？
▲問題及解決方法：工程規劃是否明確地界定資源問題，並提出考慮相關資源的可行性替代方案？
▲供水：工程規劃是否顯示出供水方面的調解？
▲工程管理：工程管理是否採用可接受的或新穎的方式？是否制定一個合乎實際的執行時程？且是否有擬定一個有效的監控計畫？
▲永續性：工程規劃是否著重於生態系統的永續性？
▲社會和文化：工程規劃是否充分顧及集水區的社會和文化課題？
▲經濟：工程規劃是否能促進集水區的多元化經濟，並有助於維護健康的經濟基礎？
▲合作和協調：工程規劃是否能促成各方最大程度的合作，並於相關組織和單位間展現充分的協調性？
▲合法性：工程規劃於其主管機關的法律權責是否合法並具有公信力？
版權歸屬 國際河網IRN， 環境信託基金會（金霞 譯，吳國玢、李傑、張正慈 審校）
中英對照全文：http://news.ngo.org.tw/issue/water/2001/issue-water-irn01050701.htm |
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Catchment or watershed groups are springing up all around the world. These groups take an active role in catchment protection and management. There are a number of approaches for such groups, depending on the group's focus. It may be primarily to inform people about local water issues, to fight projects that will greatly harm the catchment, to restore ecosystems in the catchment, to monitor and manage these ecosystems to protect plant and animal species, or some combination of these. A group's reasons for coming together can be as varied as the problems they are trying to address. Perhaps there are too many agencies with conflicting goals working in the catchment, fragmenting planning and leading to poor decisions. Or perhaps existing laws that deal with catchment protection are not being enforced.
One successful group in the United States, the Henry's Fork Watershed Council in Idaho and Wyoming, was formed because there were at least 25 federal, state and local agencies with management jurisdiction in the watershed. The area faced a number of threats, including polluted agricultural runoff, dams and increasing demands for irrigation water. Lack of agency coordination was making problems worse in the basin. The group came into being to evaluate projects and problems from an overall catchment perspective. Members include citizens, scientists and agency representatives who reside, make a living in or have legal responsibilities in the
catchment.
Janice Brown, the group's executive director, said, "We need to clarify the misunderstanding that 'consensus' can only be achieved through compromise. Rather than settling for' common ground,' we had better be moving to 'higher ground' where achieving harmony among all interests becomes far more important than plunking ourselves down between two extremes." The group has successfully built trust between historic adversaries, such as fishermen and farmers.
The Henry's Fork Watershed Council has developed the following 10 criteria for evaluating the merits of projects or programmes being proposed in their catchment. The criteria were distilled from a list of 80 different ideas for catchment health and vitality. The criteria are:
▲Catchment Perspective: Does the project employ or reflect a total catchment perspective?
▲Credibility: Is the project based on credible research or scientific data?
▲Problem and Solution: Does the project clearly identify the resource problems and propose workable solutions that consider the relevant resources?
▲Water Supply: Does the project demonstrate an understanding of water supply?
▲Project Management: Does project management employ accepted or innovative practices, set realistic time frames for their implementation, and employ an effective monitoring plan?
▲Sustainability: Does the project emphasize sustainable ecosystems?
▲social and Cultural: Does the project sufficiently address the catchment's social and cultural concerns?
▲Economy: Does the project promote economic diversity with-in the catchment and help sustain a healthy economic base?
▲Cooperation and Coordination: Does the project maximize cooperation among all parties and demonstrate sufficient coordination among appropriate groups or agencies?
▲Legality: Is the project lawful and respectful of agencies' legal responsibilities?
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