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Some Ways to Save Energy

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There are many, many ways to capture energy through efficiency improvements, with new innovations coming out all the time. The following describes some of the most common and best efficiency measures.

Residential 

¡¶Lighting: Great progress has been made in making lighting more energy efficient. Traditional incandescent light bulbs use 90 percent of their energy to produce enough heat to glow, compared to compact fluorescent light bulbs, which are four times more efficient and last 9-13 times longer. In Japan, 80 percent of homes are lit by compact fluorescent bulbs. Making use of natural daylight through windows is also an effective way to save energy (and costs to the consumer) from lighting. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, a 1x1.6 metre window in direct summer sun lets in more light than a hundred 60-watt light bulbs.

¡¶Home appliances: Over the past three decades many developed countries have greatly reduced their energy consumption because of improvements to appliances. Household appliances such as furnaces, water heaters and cooking ranges have cut their electricity use by an average of 50 percent. Appliances such as refrigerators, electric water heaters and stoves have the potential of becoming 3-6 times more efficient (and in sunny climates, solar water heaters can reduce a home's energy use even further). When older appliances are being replaced, it is good to prioritize to get the most energy savings: air conditioners are the single biggest energy user in a home, followed by refrigerators.

¡¶Buildings: Houses and apartment buildings can be made more efficient (for both heating and cooling) by increasing insulation levels in the walls and roof, improving the energy-efficiency of the windows and, for hot climates, planting shade trees near the building. Windows bring light and warmth into buildings, but can also be major sources of heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer. However, modem energy-efficient windows can help minimize a home's heating, cooling, and lighting costs by 35-45 percent, according to some estimates. The factors which affect the energy efficiency of a window are the type of glazing material (e.g., glass, plastic, treated glass); the number of layers of glass; the size of the air space between the layers; the heat conductance of the frame materials, and the "tightness" of the installation.

Shade trees reduce solar heat gain by absorbing heat from the sun before it can reach the building, as well as cooling the surrounding air through evapotranspiration. Air conditioning savings from landscaping range from 25-60% over the course of the summer, depending on building type, amount of insulation, landscape design and climate. Some utilities in hot climates have sponsored tree-planting programs. For example, The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in California is operating one of the US's most ambitious tree planting program. SMUD plans to plant 500,000 trees by the year 2000 through its Shade Tree Program, and had planted more than 160,000 trees by 1995, mostly in residential areas of the city. The utility funds the program, which is implemented by the nonprofit Sacramento Tree Foundation. Fast-growing deciduous trees are a good choice, as they allow sun in winter.

Commercial, Institutional and Industrial

¡¶Technologies and Appliances: Improving efficiency in industrial settings almost always includes improved basic production technologies - especially motors, which use up to two-thirds of industrial electricity in most countries, according to the Stockholm Environment Institute. The science of energy efficient motors is complex, and often specific to the industry application. In the steel industry, which uses a considerable share of energy in many countries, advanced technology furnaces can result in 40-45 percent energy savings. Similarly, it has been estimated that aluminum production can be 50 percent more efficient through the use of improved equipment, and even further through the use of aluminum recycling (secondary use of aluminum requires just 4 percent of the energy needed to produce it the first time). For some industries - such as supermarkets, restaurants and hospitals - refrigeration is an area where big savings can be found.

¡¶Buildings: Although there are some similarities in efficiency measures for residential and commercial buildings, the best ways to make commercial buildings more efficient are through improvements to air conditioning and lighting systems.

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