保護區議題開花結果 第五屆世界保護區大會成果總覽 (上)

Protected Areas Blossom at World Parks Congress

　
　　南非，德班，2003-9-18(ENS)- 分別來自全球154個國家，約3千位代表，在歷經10天的第五屆世界保護區大會後，終於在9月18日當天，帶著圓滿的心情各自返國。

　　這場每十年舉行一次的世界保護區大會，讓保育人士、資源管理人員、科學家、政府官員以及企業領袖們分享彼此的經驗，相互學習，進而達成共識。

　　在這次大會中宣佈許多新設立的保護區，地點位於馬達加斯加島、塞內加爾、巴西等國，總範圍超過20萬方公里。

　　大會承諾運用超過3500萬美元在協助海洋及陸地的保育工作上。

　　大會並著手「非洲保護區倡議」的計劃，這個重要的計劃目的在為保護區建立一個設計完善有效管理的系統，可以促使保護區符合非洲大陸在環境與社會方面的需求。

　　南非環境事務暨觀光部部長慕沙（Mohammed Valli Moosa）表示：「對南非而言，這次會議非常成功。它將許多永續發展世界高峰會議當中得出結論的議題，像是永續生存、利益共享及私人研究中心組織的角色定位等，移轉成保護區與保留區的管理工作的具體目標與行動。」

　　德班協議書是此次大會最首要的附加成果-─表達對地球上自然區域的高度關切。協議書中表示：「不論在地球上哪個角落，我們都見證了氣候變遷、陸塊與海洋的分裂以及物種入侵繁殖等劇烈變動。」大會代表也表示：「我們目睹了人口增加、普遍化、都市化與分散化的各種現象，感受到來自於糧食、衣物、燃料、水等資源的供需壓力漸增的問題。」

　　基於對地球上30億生活貧困的人民的深切關心，大會代表們表示：「我們將協力推動，在維繫生命活力系統的生態保育與永續發展之間努力。」代表們同時在協議書中提到：「對我們而言，保護區是一個使合力施作在有利的情況下有效率地運作的核心工具。」

　　德班協議書對於目前地球上大約12%的地區被規劃為保護區的成果表示肯定，並允諾比照目前現有的多邊協議架構如生物多樣性公約，以保證規劃的保護區獲有足夠的資金和技術資源作後盾，確保保護區能夠真正的受到保護。

　　大會代表們承諾不讓全球化與貿易協定成為保護區必要目標達成的阻礙。此一聲明乃針對世界貿易組織，它最近一次會談也在上週（9月10-14日）舉行，並沒有達成任何決議。

　　大會中對南非而言最重要的一項結果是南非政府宣佈的新立法，在法律的保障下免除所有法定保護區的土地稅，也就是當地的地方稅。

　　此外，南非政府與私有地主合作，將私有保護地區收歸納入政府保護範圍。這一項合作計畫將使南非境內的保護區總面積比率從目前的6.6%增加到10%。

　　南非蓬多蘭自然海岸邊的馬群／照片來源：Muir's Tours

　　今年4月，南非國家公園提案在南非境內新增五處國家公園。南非國家公園管理處負責人表示：「哥拉夫瑞內、波徹斯頓、蓬多蘭、布萊德河以及尼斯那森林都列在新保護區的考慮範圍內。將有超過13萬公頃的面積受到保護。」

　　馬達加斯加島總統洛瓦羅瑪那那（Marc Ravalomanana）在世界保護區大會上承諾，將在五年內把目前170萬公頃的保護區域擴大到600萬公頃。要完成這項工作，必須在建立新保護區的同時鞏固好現有的保護區體系。新增的保護區包括目前歸於馬拉加西保護區體系下的溼地及海洋保護區。在2008年以前，可將全島10%的地區納入保護。

　　大會代表意識到海洋保護區，比起受保護的陸地，相對而言比例上非常少。因而有部分代表提議將更多的海岸及海洋地區列入保護。

　　塞內加爾漁業部部長迪歐夫（Pape Diouf）宣佈將在塞內加爾境內的海岸地區設立四處海洋保護區，範圍涵蓋超過7500平方公里，以維持當地漁業生態並保有生物多樣性。

　　MAVA基金會（MAVA Foundation）允諾贊助500萬歐元以支持建立西非海岸地區保護區網絡系統。此一計劃將連結現有的海洋保護區，建立新保護區，並且開發一個由政府與民間合作的特殊地域系統。

　　MAVA 基金會的哈夫曼博士（Dr. Luc Hoffmann）說道：「我深信，這個由非洲六國及更多其他組織共同合作計劃，將可以更有效地管理海岸區資源利用並助於保護數以百萬計小規模魚群生態的存活。」

　　世界自然保育聯盟的鯊魚專家在保護區大會中提出警告，海洋保護區或許是某些瀕臨絕種的鯊魚生存的最後一線希望。科學家也表示，假如某些種類的鯊魚沒有受到立即的保護，比如像鋸鮫，他們很快就會絕種。並非所有的鯊魚種類都已經被發現，有些甚至在還未被歸類以前，就已經遭到過度捕殺。

　　全球共有六個拉丁美洲國家加入了世界自然保育聯盟與國際保育組織、美國福特基金會以及其他當地地方性組織以保存著名的高地遺跡──「印加之道」（Great Inca Trail）。橫跨祕魯、玻利維亞、厄瓜多、阿根廷、智利以及哥倫比亞等國的這一個保護區網絡系統，將助於保存古文明帝國的文化與自然遺跡，並維持安地斯山區的生活型態。

　　世界自然保育聯盟，美國自然保育聯盟，世界自然基金會共同在大會中宣示，他們協力創立全球火災防治協會。這個協會的目的在於預防造成嚴重損害的森林大火，比如像今年夏天肆虐北美、歐洲以及世界其他地區的森林火災。

　　為了探討水資源匱乏的問題，世界自然保育聯盟環境法律委員會已認可維瓦特蘭大學法學院曼德拉學會作為水資源法示範中心。從2004年起，這個中心將主辦水源法的證照與碩士課程，以符合律師或其他專業人士的需求。

　　巴西境內亞馬桑那州政府宣告六處新設立的保護區，面積涵蓋380萬公頃-相當於比利時的國土大小，擁有全世界數種最豐富的生物多樣性。國際保育組織也將提供至少100萬美元支持這項提案。

　　同樣在巴西，阿瑪帕州也宣布設立生物多樣性走廊，涵蓋該州71%面積，共計1000萬公頃，面積略大於整個葡萄牙國土。這個新興的保護區包含世界上最大的熱帶雨林公園，捍衛著上百種特殊的動植物。根據所達成的協議，阿瑪帕政府將投資1500萬美元在為期四年的計劃進程；而世界保育組織則將透過全球保育基金投資160萬美元以確保生物多樣性走廊能順利完成。

　　世界保護區委員會主席米勒博士（Dr. Kenton Miller）認為第五屆保護區大會相當成功。他表示：「世界各國堅守1993年在委內瑞拉首府卡拉卡斯舉行的上屆大會所做出的決議。許多當時設下的目標今天已經達成，我們甚至已經超過預期的目標。」

　　米勒博士又說道：「地表上超過10%的區域受到保護，這樣的事實說明了我們當年的承諾實現了。今天所達成的議程正式確認各項權益並確保利益平均分配。到了2013年，當我們再度回顧十年的努力，我們可以滿懷希望地為嶄新的成果感到驕傲。」

【文章連載】
　保護區議題開花結果 第五屆世界保護區大會成果總覽 (上)　(下)

全文與圖片詳見:
http://ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2003/
2003-09-18-03.asp

版權歸屬Environment News Service(ENS)，環境資訊協會(劉雅玲 譯，徐怡德、蔡麗伶 審校)

Held once every 10 years, the World Parks Congress allows conservationists, resource managers, scientists, civil servants and business leaders to exchange experiences, learn from each other, and establish a common agenda.

Many new protected areas were announced at the conference in countries such as Madagascar, Senegal, and Brazil, covering well over 200,000 square kilometers.

More than US$35 million was pledged for conservation both on land and sea.

The Congress launched the Africa Protected Areas Initiative, a major program to develop a well designed and managed system of protected areas that will meet the environmental and social needs of the continent.

South African Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Mohammed Valli Moosa said, "For South Africa, this is a very successful conference. It has translated many issues, such as sustainable livelihoods, sharing of benefits and the role of the private sector, that came out of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, into concrete goals and actions for the management of parks and reserves."

The Durban Accord is the primary outreach product of the Congress - and it expresses great concern for the Earth's natural areas. "Everywhere, we are witnesses to great upheavals," the Accord states, "climatic changes, parceling out of the terrestrial and marine landscapes and the multiplication of invading exotic species. We see the population increasing, universalization, urbanization and decentralization and increasing pressure on the food resources, fibers, fuels and water," the delegates stated.

The delegates are concerned about the three billion people on Earth who live in poverty, and declared, "We will forge synergy between conservation, the maintenance of vital life support systems, and sustainable development. Protected areas are, for us, a vital means of carrying out this synergy with effectiveness and in a profitable way," delegates said in the Accord.

The Durban Accord celebrates the fact that about 12 percent of the Earth is now designated as protected areas, and pledges to work within the framework of existing multi-lateral agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity to ensure that designated areas are supported by sufficient funding and technical resources to be truly protected.

The delegates promised not to allow globalization and trade agreements to become obstacles to the achievement of the essential objectives of protected areas, a statement directed towards the World Trade Organization, whose latest round of talks, also held last week, broke down without agreement.

An important outcome of the conference for South Africa is the government's announcement of new legislation that will exempt all formally protected areas from land taxes known as "rates."

The South African government is also teaming up with private land owners to bring private conservation land under government protection. This will bring the amount of conservation land in South Africa from the current 6.6 percent to over 10 percent.

Horses on the Pondoland Wild Coast in South Africa（Photo courtesy Muir's Tours）

In April, South African National Parks proposed to establish five new national parks in the country. The head of South African National Parks, Mavuso Msimang, said areas in Graaf Reinet, Potchefstroom, Pondoland, Blyde River and in the Knysna Forest are under consideration for the new parks. Over 130,000 hectares will come under protection.

At the World Parks Congress, the President of Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana committed to increasing the total area protected from 1.7 million to six millon hectares over the next five years. This will be accomplished by strengthening the existing system while creating many new sites. Additions will include marine protected areas and wetlands that are currently under-represented in the Malagasy protected areas system and will bring the total area under protection to 10 percent in 2008.

Delegates recognized that few marine areas are protected by comparison to the percentage of protected lands, and several initiatives were taken to safeguard more coastal and marine areas.

Senegalese Fisheries Minister Pape Diouf announced the creation of four marine protected areas in Senegal's coastal zone covering more than 7,500 square kilometers to sustain fisheries and protect biodiversity.

The MAVA Foundation pledged five million euros to build a network of protected areas on West Africa's coast. The program will link existing marine protected areas, create new ones, and implement a unique regional system of cooperation between government and civil society.

Dr. Luc Hoffmann of the MAVA Foundation said, "I am convinced that this collaboration of six African states and many more organizations will manage the coastal resources more effectively and help protect the livelihoods of millions in small-scale fishing communities."

IUCN shark specialists issued a warning at the Congress that marine protected areas may provide the only hope for some threatened shark species. If certain species such as the sawfishes do not receive immediate protection, they may soon be extinct, the scientists said. Not all shark species have been discovered and some are being overfished before they are even documented.

On land, six Latin American countries have joined forces with IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Conservation International, the Ford Foundation, and local partners to preserve the highland route known as the Great Inca Trail. Spanning Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile and Colombia, the network of protected areas will conserve the cultural and natural heritage of the ancient empire and sustain the livelihoods of Andean communities.

IUCN, The Nature Conservancy and WWF International announced at the Congress that they have joined forces to establish a Global Fire Partnership that aims to prevent the kind of destructive forest fires that raged throughout North America, Europe and other parts of the world this past summer.

To address issues of water scarcity, the Mandela Institute, School of Law, University of Witwatersrand, is being specifically recognized by the IUCN Commission of Environmental Law as a center of excellence in water law. Starting in 2004, the center will be hosting certificate and masters level courses in water law, tailored to the needs of lawyers and other professionals.

The state government of Amazonas, Brazil announced the establishment of six new protected areas covering 3.8 million hectares - an area equal to the size of Belgium holding some of the world's richest biodiversity. Conservation International is supporting this initiative with at least US$1 million.

Also in Brazil, the state of Amapa announced the creation of a 10 million hectare biodiversity corridor that covers 71 percent of the state, an area slightly larger than Portugal. This newly protected area includes the world's largest tropical rainforest park and safeguards hundreds of unique plant and animal species. According to the agreement, the government of Amapa will invest US$15 million over the course of four years and Conservation International will invest US$1.6 million through its Global Conservation Fund to guarantee the corridor's success.

Dr. Kenton Miller, chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, sees the Congress as a success. "Nations the world over have adhered to the overarching agenda set in Caracas, Venezuela, at the previous World Parks Congress [in 1993], and many targets set then have been attained and surpassed," he said.

"The fact that more than 10 percent of the globe's surface is protected illustrates the commitment carried forward by such events," said Dr. Miller. "Today's agenda recognizes the benefits and ensures that they are equitably shared. In 2013 we will be able to look back and hopefully be proud of our new achievements."

http://ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2003/
2003-09-18-03.asp