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蓄水層：容納淡水的土壤層。這是地下水的重要來源。
盆地灌溉：利用堤壩、小型土堰和深坑進行滯洪，並利用於灌溉的技術。
生物群落區：水資源、氣候、地質、土壤類型及地理協調間的互相作用，這決定了該地區能維持何種生物。
鹹水：含有高量鹽份的水，可以指海水、河口區域的水或是農業廢水。
集水區：河流的整個排水區域（也稱為集水地區、流域、排水流域或分水嶺）。一個較大的集水流域包括許小的支流。
三角洲：在一些河流的河口處形成的沖積平地，這裏是大河在匯入海洋或湖泊之前分成數條支流的地方。
需求管理（也稱作「需求方管理」）：系統性的節水或節能；涵蓋了供需平衡關係上需求方因應產生的變化，包括有效率革新、透過政策或價格措施減少浪費、從節約能源、修補破裂的管線到修整建築物等等。
脫鹽化：去除水中的鹽份（尤其是海水），得到淡水。
水滴灌溉（也稱作微型灌溉）：將水分直接輸送到植物根部的有效灌溉系統，比如通過穿孔的管道或多孔滲水的管道。
河口：半封閉的沿海水體，此處河裏的淡水和海水交會在一起。
水分蒸發：土壤和植物內水分的損失統稱為水分蒸發。
澇原：大洪水發生時，會整個浸在水中的山谷底部地區。
灰水：已經用於洗碗、洗衣或洗澡的水。本質上說，家庭排放的水除了廁所用水以外都是灰水。雖然這種水裏可能會有油膩、食物微粒、頭髮或其他不乾淨的物質，如果經過適當的處理，這種水還是可以再次使用的，尤其是用來灌溉。
地下水：地面下土壤岩石中含有的水。
地下水壩：地表下的水壩，阻礙地下水的流動，在地下水面上方處儲存水，還可以用來補充蓄水層和周圍的井。
水文循環（也稱水循環）：水從海洋和其他水體蒸發，水蒸氣在雲中積聚，再以降水形式重回陸地，這樣一個水的自然循環過程。雖然循環過程中，水的總量保持不變，地球上真正可被利用的水卻是有限的。
水利政策：水管理和水資源分配的政策領域，由掌權者制定；除了一國的政界外，具有影響力的還有跨國公司、國際發展銀行和地方政治鬥爭。
指標物種：在一個集水區內的一種動物或植物，其存在與數量可以反映該集水區環境的好壞。
河內流量要求：指當河流築有水壩或水道變更時，必須有一定的水維持水流，作用包括保護魚類、維持水質、船隻航行或休閒。
【文章連載】
■河流看守員手冊詞彙表 (上) (下)
版權歸屬 國際河網IRN，環境資訊協會（陶俊 譯，李傑、李瑞玉 審校）
中英對照全文：http://e-info.org.tw/issue/water/2001/is-water-irn01121701.htm |
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aquifer: A layer of the earth that contains fresh' water. It is a significant source of groundwater
basin irrigation: technique where fields are irrigated by trapping floodwaters behind embankments, small earthen weirs and pits.
biomes: the interaction between water resources, climate, geology, soil types, and geographic coordinates which determine the type of biology with the region can sustain.
brackish water: water with a high disolved salt content. Can refer to sea water, estuary environments or agricultureal wastewater.
catchment: the entire area drained by a river (also called catchment area, basin, drainage basin or watershed). A single large catchment includes many smaller tributaries.
delta: flat area of alluvium formed at the mouth of some rivers where the main stream divides into several distributaries before reaching a sea or lake.
demand management (also known as "demand-side management"): The systematic conservation of water or power resources. Includes a number of changes to the demand side of the equation, including efficiency innovations, the reduction of waste through policy or pricing, retrofitting buildings to conserve energy, fixing leaking water pipes, etc.
desalination: removing the salt from water (especially that from the sea) to create fresh water.
drip irrigation (also known as micro-irrigation): efficient irrigation systems that deliver water directly to the roots of plants, e.g., through perforated or porous pipes.
estuary: semi-enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from a river mixes with sea water.
evapotranspiration: the loss of water by a combination of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from
plants.
floodplain: area of a valley floor that would be under water during a major flood.
greywater: water that has been used for washing dishes, laundering clothes, or bathing. Essentially, any water, other than toilet wastes, draining from a household is greywater. Although this water may contain grease, food particles, hair, and any number of other impurities, it may still be suitable for reuse if properly handled, especially for irrigation.
groundwater: water within the earth that is contained in soils and rocks.
groundwater dams: a sub-surface dam which obstructs the flow of groundwater, storing water within the water table. Also used to recharge aquifers and surrounding wells.
hydrological cycle (also called the water cycle): the natural cycle by which water evaporates from oceans and other water bodies, accumulates as water vapor in clouds, and returns to the land as precipitation. Although water is constantly in circulation, the amount available on the planet is finite.
hydropolitics: the political world of water management and allocation, as determined by those in power. Influences include multinational companies, international development banks and regional political strife in addition to the national' political landscape.
indicator species: an animal or plant species whose numbers and presence in a catchment indicate the health of the
catchment.
instream flow requirements: in the case of a dammed or diverted river, the water that is allowed to remain in a river to protect fisheries, water quality, navigation or recreational uses.
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