2001年02月28日
陶俊 譯;李傑 陳維立 審校
該地區的普遍問題:
- 以煤作燃料的工廠由於煤的燃燒導致了酸雨,危害了南非、賴索托和其他地方的水質和生態
- 水的過度抽取危害了生態系統
- 缺乏衛生設施嚴重危及了水質和健康問題
尚比亞:
- 煉銅廠的有毒物質污染了地下水
- 經濟化的耕田大量使用殺蟲劑
- 每年有250,000多公頃森林覆蓋地消失
納米比亞
庫內那河:
- Epupa水壩
- 現存的水壩
Cuanda河:
- 計劃種植營利用的甘蔗
博茨瓦納:
- 鑽石開採
- 過度抽取地下水的危害
Okavango三角洲:
- Okavango管道工程
- 噴灑舌蠅殺蟲劑
尚比西河:
計劃建造的大壩:
喀輔埃河下游峽谷
Batoka 峽谷
Devil's 峽谷
Kariba 延展部分
Katombora水壩
Mepanda-Ncua
維多利亞瀑布 South Bank
Mupata峽谷
坦尚尼亞:
- Kihansi下游水壩
- 肯亞計劃建造的上游水壩對野生動物的棲息地造成了威脅
- 蝦類養殖對Rufiji三角洲造成損害
馬拉威:
- Fufu下游水壩
- 採煤
莫三比克:
- 尚比西河上的水壩
- 煉鋁造成的污染
- 尚比西溼地系統與上游的水壩的分離
辛巴威:
- 尚比亞人加強銅礦開採
- 各項大型水利遷移計劃
- 大規模使用DDT(一種殺蟲劑) (Tse Tse, 瘧疾)
- 尚比西河上的水壩
史瓦濟蘭:
- 科馬提河盆地的斯威士工程(最多5座水壩)
- Usutho盆地下游(甘蔗灌溉工程)
賴索托:
- 賴索托高地水利工程(5座水壩)
- 鑽石開採導致水土流失和土壤鹽鹼化
南非
Oliphants河:
- 經濟農業、採礦和河水流量減少(這是由來的林業種植場和現有的水壩工程導致的)導致了河水的過度使用
- 毫無約束的煤礦、銅礦開採和農業用水造成了極度污染
- 過度放牧造成水土流失,導致水壩遭淤泥堵塞
橘河-瓦爾河:
- 分配過度(23座主要水壩、灌溉農田、河流改道)
- 農業污染
- 森林砍伐
- 使用殺蟲劑控制黑蠅影響了其他物種
- 由於以營利為目的的農業,使土壤鹽鹼化,用水受到污染
- 西北的帶狀礦藏(煤)
KwaZulu-Natal省:
- 計劃建造十座水壩,包括Jana水壩
Rivers in Peril Major Development Projects That Threaten Southern African Catchments
Widespread Problems Across the Region:
- Acid rain caused by coal-fired plants harming water quality and ecosystems in South Africa, Lesotho and elsewhere
- Overextraction of water harming ecosystems
- Lack of sanitation services poses serious water quality E health problems
ZAMBIA:
- Toxics from copper smelters contaminating groundwater
- High use of pesticides by commercial farming
- More than 250,000 hectares of forest cover disappearing each year
NAMIBIA-Cunene River:
- Epupa Dam
- Existing dams
Cuanda River:
- Proposed commercial sugarcane farming
BOTSWANA:
- Diamond mining
- Risk of overextraction of groundwater
Okavango Delta:
- Okavango Pipeline Project
- Pesticide spraying for Tsetse flies
THE ZAMBEZI RIVER
Proposed Large Darns:
Lower Kafue Gorge
Batoka Gorge
Devil's Gorge
Kariba Extensions
Katombora Dam
Mepanda-Ncua
Victoria Falls
South Bank
Mupata Gorge
TANZANIA:
- Lower Kihansi Dam
- Upstream darns proposed in Kenya threaten wildlife habitat
- Prawn farms would harm Rufiji Delta
MALAWI:
- Lower Fufu Dam
- Coal mining
MOZAMBIQUE:
- Dams on Zambezi
- Pollution from aluminum smelting
- Zambezi wetlands dessicated from upstream darns
ZIMBABWE:
- Zambian Consolidated Copper Mines
- Various large water-transfer schemes
- Large-scale use of DDT (Tse Tse, Malaria)
- Dams on Zambezi
SWALILAND:
- Komati Basin Swazi Project (up to 5 dams)
- Lower Usutho Basin (sugarcane irrigation project)
LESOTHO:
- Lesotho Highlands Water Project (5 dams)
- Erosion E siltation from diamond mining
SOUTH AFRICA
Oliphants River:
- Over-extraction from commercial agriculture, mining, and reduced runoff due to exotic forestry plantations and existing dams
- Extreme pollution from abandoned coal mines, copper mines, agricultural runoff
- Erosion from overgrazing, leading to silted-up dams
Orange-Vaal River:
- Over-allocation(23 major dams, irrigation, diversions)
- Agricultural pollution
- Deforestation
- Pesticides used for black fly control impacting other species
- Soil salinization E polluted runoff from commercial agriculture
- Northwest Strip Mine (Coal)
KwaZulu-Natal Province:
- 10 dams planned, including Jana Dam
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