美國環保署將制訂發電廠與煉油廠的溫室氣體排放標準

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency today announced a two-year plan to set greenhouse gas emissions standards under the Clean Air Act for two sectors - power plants fired by fossil fuels and oil refineries.

These sectors are two of the largest industrial sources, emitting nearly 40 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gases.

This year, the Senate introduced but failed to approve legislation passed by the House in 2009 setting a cap on greenhouse gases and establishing a trading market for emissions permits.

The EPA's regulations will not set up a cap and trade program, Gina McCarthy, EPA assistant administrator for air and radiation, told reporters on a teleconference today.

"This is not about a cap and trade program," McCarthy said. "We are not getting into an area where Congress will be establishing law at some point in the future, we hope."

The standard-setting process for these two sectors is required by two separate legal settlements between the EPA and several states, local governments and environmental organizations that sued the Bush-era EPA for refusing to set limits on these industries' emissions of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act.

The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set industry-specific standards for new sources that emit significant quantities of harmful pollutants. These New Source Performance Standards set the level of pollution new facilities may emit and address air pollution from existing facilities.

"These standards will help American companies attract private investment to the clean energy upgrades that make our companies more competitive and create good jobs here at home," Jackson said.

McCarthy said the agency is committed to issuing proposed regulations for power plants by July 26, 2011 and final regulations by May 26, 2012.

That schedule is required by a legal settlement with the states of New York, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, the District of Columbia, and the City of New York; as well as the nonprofits Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and Environmental Defense Fund.

For refineries, EPA has entered into a separate legal settlement with the same states and local governments and the NRDC, the Sierra Club and Environmental Integrity Project that establishes a different schedule for regulations.

These standards will be set later to give the agency a chance to conduct a risk and technology review of current air toxic standards for refineries.

EPA must also resolve the issues raised in an August 25, 2008 petition for reconsideration of the refinery New Source Performance Standards.

EPA would propose regulations to address all these issues by December 15, 2011 and finalize regulations by November 15, 2012.

This settlement agreement establishes a comprehensive approach of simultaneously addressing different types of air pollution - greenhouse gases, toxics and six common air pollutants designated by the Clean Air Act as "criteria pollutants."

This schedule will allow the agency to host listening sessions with the business community, states and other stakeholders in early 2011, before the rulemaking process begins, as well as to solicit additional feedback during the routine notice and comment period.

American Petroleum Institute Director of Regulatory and Scientific Affairs Howard Feldman called the EPA's action "unprecedented and coercive."

Representing more than 450 oil and natural gas companies, Feldman said his organizaiton "hopes that EPA will reconsider its costly and unworkable greenhouse gas regulations. The Clean Air Act was never intended to be used to regulate stationary source greenhouse gas emissions, and elected members of Congress should chart U.S. climate change policy."

Since the Clean Air Act was initiated, the EPA has put in place 75 performance standards for various industrial sectors, McCarthy said, adding that the Act allows flexible and innovative approaches that take into account cost, health and environmental impacts, and energy requirements.

Every eight years, EPA must update these standards to reflect improvements in control technologies.

States will be able to apply less stringent standards or longer compliance schedules if they demonstrate that following the federal guidelines is unreasonably cost-prohibitive or physically impossible.

States may also impose more stringent standards or shorter compliance schedules.

EPA will accept public comment on these two agreements for 30 days following publication of notice in the Federal Register.

"This is about taking a look at what technologies are available," said McCarthy. "It's a standard setting process, not determing how much CO2 should be emitted. We're in a really early stage, and I can't tell you what types of reductions we hope to achieve. That will come to our attention through the public comment period and the listening sessions."

Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune said, "For too long, dirty coal plants, oil refineries and other big polluters have been allowed to use our air and water as dumping grounds for their toxic pollution, and our families are paying the price. But there is a solution. There is technology available today that can affordably reduce carbon pollution. There is no reason why these big polluters shouldn't be using it."

"Congress should celebrate, not delay or block, Clean Air Act standards that protect our health and well-being," said Doniger. "Congress should let EPA do its job."